This photo series by Tamer Abd Elkreem and Susanne Jaspars illustrates how Starlink private internet provision has been normalised and weaponised during the war. Starlink internet services have been introduced and gradually normalised as the sole means of communication in many regions of Sudan during the war that started in 2023 and is ongoing. The primary reason for Starlink’s introduction, particularly by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) militia, lies in the weaponisation of the telecommunications sector. The RSF sabotaged telecom companies operating in areas controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) to paralyze their economic infrastructure and disabling intelligence communications.  

At the same time, the RSF required an alternative internet source to coordinate among their forces, conduct drone attacks, and access an increasingly digitalised financial system essential to their fighters. Starlink not only proved to be an efficient and independent means of communication beyond the control of their adversaries but also contributed to the RSF’s political economy. The militia became its primary importer, and civilian usage across more than seven states was licensed, taxed, monitored and controlled by RSF. Starlink centres have been set up in numerous places where civilians pay for internet use.   

Over the last 3 years, Starlink has become the umbilical cord for millions of civilians trapped in Sudan’s war-torn states. People’s dependence on Starlink has grown as it has increasingly become the main channel for receiving financial support from relatives and humanitarian organisations, through the use of digital banking apps. Digital financial transfers have also become essential for conducting trade and other economic activities amidst extreme cash shortages and an acceleration of digital banking.   

The story captured in this photo series illustrates how, in Darfur, Starlink, initially operating from humble, straw-built temporary huts, quickly evolved in its permanence, functionality, service delivery, and coverage, effectively filling the void created by the lack of government telecommunications services across much of Sudan. De/normalisation of Starlink however embodies a digital paradox: it is both a lifeline for civilians and a force that enables the very war threatening their lives. *Click or hover over images to reveal the captions* 

Note on photo quality/credits: Given the severe security risks posed by the war, taking photographs, especially in public spaces, can be extremely dangerous. For this reason, some images are taken from limited or unconventional angles to protect the photographers, who consented to the use of their photos but remain anonymous.

The final image is taken from an article on  Military Africa published on April 30, 2024.